CAMEO POLITICAL codes — cooperation

The cooperative and neutral half of the numeric CAMEO 2.0 codebook as GDELT Cloud applies it — 9 roots and 121 leaves, 130 codes in total. The other half is on CAMEO POLITICAL codes — conflict. A root is a valid filter value on its own and matches every leaf beneath it, so code=03 is the way to ask for “expressed intent to cooperate” without choosing a leaf. Diplomatic, cooperative, verbal-conflict, and non-violent coercive political events. The boundary with ACLED is DID IT HAPPEN, OR WAS IT SAID: everything spoken — a threat, warning, demand, ultimatum or accusation — is a speech act and is coded here, however violent its subject matter, while physical violence, arrests of political figures (173) and violent repression of protesters (175) that ACTUALLY OCCURRED belong to ACLED. At least one actor must be a national government body, government agency, international organization, or named political figure of national or international prominence; purely local administrative routine (city council votes, local school board decisions, municipal budget approvals, local zoning ordinances) is out of scope. How the metrics read in this domain. magnitude uses the CAMEO coercion ladder (peace/truce 1 → accuse 4 → sanction/threaten-force 7-8 → use-force 9-10), and goldstein_scale carries the cooperation/conflict direction; systemic_importance asks how much the wider system depends on the government or institution acted on, not how many states are mentioned

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01 · MAKE PUBLIC STATEMENT

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01

MAKE PUBLIC STATEMENT CAMEO category 01, MAKE PUBLIC STATEMENT (Verbal Cooperation). CAMEO carries the category text on its residual code 010: “All public statements expressed verbally or in action not otherwise specified.” Use the root when the article supports this family but not a specific 01x leaf. Also covers

• PREFER THIS BARE ROOT OVER 010. 01 and 010 mean the identical thing; when no 011-019 leaf fits, emit 01 and never 010.

Does not cover

• ★ SUBORDINATION TEST — apply it before choosing anything in 01x. 01 IS A FALLBACK: it is correct only when no more specific speech act applies. Ask WHAT WAS SAID, not whether someone spoke. If the statement ASKS for something it is 02x; says what the speaker WILL DO or is willing to do (intends, plans, promises, offers, agrees to) 03x; ORDERS another party to act 10x; CRITICISES, accuses, blames or condemns 11x; REFUSES, rejects, vetoes or denies a request 12x; WARNS of a consequence the speaker may impose 13x. Root 01 and its leaves are only for a statement whose content is none of those.
• Announcing that an act was taken is coded as the ACT, not as a statement: “the ministry announced it has released the prisoners” is 0841, “announced sanctions” is 163, “announced troops are mobilizing” is 154.

goldstein_scale 0

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010

Make statement (other) CAMEO 010, “Make statement, not specified below”: all public statements expressed verbally or in action not otherwise specified. Does not cover

• Residual: CAMEO does not code 010 except when the distinctions among the more specific 01x codes cannot be made.
• SAME MEANING AS THE BARE ROOT 01, and this pair is the single most common source of run-to-run disagreement in the whole taxonomy (measured 2026-08-07: 19 disagreement edges, more than any other pair). There is no article-decidable difference between them, so the tie is broken by convention: ALWAYS EMIT 01, NEVER 010. 010 is carried only so a caller filtering on official CAMEO gets a valid subcategory rather than a 400.
• Statements are typically SUBORDINATE events. A comment is coded as a mere statement only when it does not further imply an appeal, agreement, support, apology, demand, disapproval, rejection or threat — each of which takes its own code.
• Admitting or claiming responsibility is 015, not 010 — the presence of the word “admitted”, “acknowledged”, “claimed responsibility” or “retracted” decides it.

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011

Decline comment Explicitly decline or refuse to comment on a situation. A verbal act. Also covers

• The target may be the actor the source declines to comment to, or the matter it declines to comment about.

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012

Pessimistic comment Express pessimism, negative outlook. A verbal act. Does not cover

• Only statements with an EXPLICIT pessimistic component are 012; otherwise default to 010.

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013

Optimistic comment Express optimism, assurance, confidence. A verbal act. Does not cover

• Only statements with an EXPLICIT optimistic component are 013; otherwise default to 010.

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014

Consider policy option Review, reflect upon, or study a policy option. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act; CAMEO places no limitation on the types of policy that could be under consideration. Does not cover

• ★ COMMITMENT TEST vs 0342 (Express intent to change policy) — measured as a live coin-flip. 014 requires the article to leave the outcome OPEN: “is weighing”, “is reviewing”, “has not decided”, “options include”. The moment the source says it WILL, PLANS TO, or HAS AGREED TO change the policy, it is 0342 and not 014.
• If what is under consideration is a specific coercive measure and the article frames it as leverage over a named target (“has not ruled out sanctions if…”), that is a threat — 131/1312 — not 014.

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015

Acknowledge/claim responsibility Non-apologetically claim responsibility, admit an error or wrongdoing, or retract a statement without expression of remorse. A verbal act. Does not cover

• Remorseful acknowledgements are 055 (Apologize) instead.

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016

Deny responsibility CAMEO 016, “Reject accusation, deny responsibility”: discard or deny accusations or charges. A verbal act. The official code covers rejecting an ACCUSATION, not only disclaiming responsibility as this entry’s shorter label suggests. Also covers

• The target is the party that introduced the accusation or charge against the source actor.

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017

Symbolic act CAMEO 017, “Engage in symbolic act”: engage in symbolic activities such as holding vigils, attending funerals, and laying a wreath. Also covers

• All symbolic ACTS, including those that imply empathy.

Does not cover

• Empathetic COMMENTS, as opposed to actions, are 018.
• ★ 017 IS CEREMONIAL ONLY — vigils, funerals, wreaths, moments of silence, flags, commemorations, renamings. An act with a REAL-WORLD EFFECT is never 017 however symbolic the reporting calls it: withdrawing from a treaty or body is 161/166, recalling an ambassador is 161, a boycott of a summit is 161/164.

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018

Empathetic comment Express empathy, condolences, sympathy, understanding. Refers exclusively to verbal acts or comments. Does not cover

• Empathetic and other symbolic ACTIONS are 017 instead.

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019

Express accord Express common understanding, agreement, or accord. Refers exclusively to verbal acts or comments, and is used when actors indicate that they simply agree or concur on an issue. Also covers

• Typically reciprocal — CAMEO codes two 019 events with the actors reversed.

Does not cover

• If the statement implies a commitment or intent to COOPERATE on the issue, it is 03x, not 019.
• ★ 019 vs 051 (Praise or endorse) — decide on SYMMETRY, which the text always shows. 019 is MUTUAL: both named actors are reported as holding the same view (“the two sides agreed”, “found common ground”). 051 is ONE-WAY: the source approves of the target or the target’s policy (“welcomed”, “praised”, “backed”, “endorsed”). If only one party is doing the approving, it is 051.

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02 · APPEAL

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02

APPEAL CAMEO category 02, APPEAL (Verbal Cooperation). CAMEO carries the category text on its residual code 020: “All requests, proposals, suggestions and appeals not otherwise specified.” The plea may be made on the source’s own behalf or on behalf of another party. Use the root when the article supports this family but not a specific 02x leaf. Also covers

• PREFER THIS BARE ROOT OVER 020. 02 and 020 are the identical “family but no leaf” answer; there is no article-decidable difference. When no leaf fits, emit 02 and never 020.

Does not cover

• Appeals are distinct from DEMANDS (10x), which are more forceful, and from PLEDGES, which imply a commitment, agreement or promise on the part of the source actor (03x).

goldstein_scale 3

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020

Make an appeal or request, not specified below CAMEO 020, “Make an appeal or request, not specified below”: all requests, proposals, suggestions and appeals not otherwise specified. Also covers

• Events coded here refer to pleas made either on the source actor’s own behalf or on behalf of another party — the source asks that the target does something either for itself or for a third party.

Does not cover

• ★ EVERY 02x CODE HAS AN EXACT 10x TWIN (021/101, 023/103, 024/104, 025/105, 026/106, 027/107, 028/108, and leaf-for-leaf below them). The ONLY thing that separates them is the reporter’s force of language, which CAMEO makes the explicit test. Asked, urged, called on, appealed, requested, proposed, suggested → 02x. Demanded, insisted, ordered, told, gave notice → 10x. Do not decide this on the subject matter; it is identical on both sides.
• Residual: CAMEO does not code 020 except when the distinctions among the more specific 021-028 codes cannot be made.
• SAME MEANING AS THE BARE ROOT 02. This taxonomy makes 2-digit roots assignable, so 02 and 020 denote the identical “family but no leaf” case. Prefer the bare root 02 when coding; 020 is carried because it is the official CAMEO spelling and so that a caller filtering on official CAMEO gets a valid subcategory rather than a 400.
• This and all its subcategories are distinct from DEMANDS, which are more forceful, and from PLEDGES, which imply commitments, agreements or promises on the part of the source actor.

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021

Appeal for material cooperation Make an appeal for, request, or suggest material cooperation. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Residual within 021x — use a four-digit child where the domain is stated. Does not cover

• ★ 021 vs 022 — measured as a live coin-flip. The test is WHAT CHANGES HANDS. 021 asks the target to exchange something REAL — trade, investment, joint exercises, extradition, intelligence. 022 asks for a STANCE — backing, recognition, a vote, a public position, “support for our proposal”. If nothing tangible moves, it is 022.
• Appeals for DIPLOMATIC cooperation, such as support on a particular policy, are 022.
• The actual events of material cooperation are 06x.

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0211

Economic CAMEO 0211, “Appeal for economic cooperation”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest initiating or expanding economic ties. Also covers

• Requests to develop or expand trade and other forms of economic exchange.

Does not cover

• Appeals for the PROVISION of economic aid, rather than mutual exchange, are 0231.
• Actual events of economic cooperation are 061.

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0212

Military CAMEO 0212, “Appeal for military cooperation”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest initiating or expanding military ties. Also covers

• Requests to develop or expand military relations by engaging in acts such as joint military manoeuvres or exercises.

Does not cover

• Appeals for the PROVISION of military aid, rather than mutual exchange, are 0232.
• Actual events of military cooperation are 062.

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0213

Judicial CAMEO 0213, “Appeal for judicial cooperation”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest initiating or expanding cooperation in judicial matters. Also covers

• Requests to develop or expand cooperation in such matters as extraditions. For an extradition the target is not the subject but the country he would be extradited to.

Does not cover

• Appeals for information or other investigative tools, even if to be used in courts of law, are 0214.
• Actual events of judicial cooperation are 063.

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0214

Intelligence CAMEO 0214, “Appeal for intelligence cooperation”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest sharing of intelligence. Also covers

• Requests to develop or expand intelligence and information sharing.

Does not cover

• Actual events of intelligence cooperation are 064.

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022

Appeal for diplomatic cooperation Make an appeal for, request, or suggest expansion of diplomatic ties or cooperation. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act; it covers appeals for expanded diplomatic ties and for non-tangible support on particular policies. Does not cover

• Appeals for more specific forms of diplomacy — meeting or negotiation (026), settlement (027), mediation (028) — are coded there instead.

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023

Appeal for aid CAMEO 023, “Appeal for aid, not specified below” (0.9b5: “Appeal for material aid”): make an appeal for, request, or suggest provision of material assistance not otherwise specified. Also covers

• CODE THE BARE 023 ONLY WHEN THE ARTICLE DOES NOT SAY WHAT KIND OF AID IS ASKED FOR. Money, loans, investment, debt relief, budget support → 0231; weapons, ammunition, training, materiel → 0232; food, medicine, shelter, relief supplies → 0233; troops, peacekeepers, a no-fly zone, protection of civilians → 0234.
• The source may be requesting aid for itself or on behalf of a third party; in either case the actor the request is directed to is the target.

Does not cover

• An 023 event implies NEITHER the receipt or delivery of material aid (07x) NOR a commitment by the source to provide it (033).

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0231

Economic CAMEO 0231, “Appeal for economic aid”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest economic assistance. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Also covers

• Requests or suggestions for loans or debt relief.

Does not cover

• Appeals for reciprocal economic exchange, such as trade, are 0211.

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0232

Military CAMEO 0232, “Appeal for military aid”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest military assistance. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Does not cover

• Requests for or suggestions of JOINT military actions, rather than unilateral military aid, are 0212.

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0233

Humanitarian CAMEO 0233, “Appeal for humanitarian aid”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest humanitarian assistance. Also covers

• Requests for or suggestions of food, medicine and related personnel, as well as shelter and protection.
• Calls by refugees to be let into the territories of other countries (coded as the target), and asylum requests.

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0234

Appeal for military protection or peacekeeping CAMEO 0234, “Appeal for military protection or peacekeeping”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest deployment of peacekeepers or other military forces to preserve peace, enforce ceasefires, or protect civilians. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Also covers

• The source actor could be making the appeal for itself or on behalf of another party; the target should represent the actor who is expected to PROVIDE the forces.

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024

Appeal for political reform Make an appeal for, request, or suggest political change not otherwise specified. Refers to VERBAL and NON-THREATENING appeals; source actors can be local citizens as well as international actors, appealing on their own behalf or on behalf of others. Also covers

• CODE THE BARE 024 ONLY WHEN THE ARTICLE DOES NOT SAY WHAT CHANGE IS ASKED FOR. Resign, step down, hold elections, change of government personnel → 0241; change a named policy → 0242; grant or restore a named right or freedom → 0243; constitution, electoral law, court powers, system of government → 0244.

Does not cover

• More forceful DEMANDS for political change are 104x.
• Appeals expressed as demonstrations or protests are CAMEO root 14 (ACLED scope in this system).
• Where the requested reform clearly constitutes some form of concession or yielding by the target, a 025x code may fit better.

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0241

Change leadership CAMEO 0241, “Appeal for change in leadership”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest change in leadership or power. Verbal and non-threatening. Also covers

• Calls for the target to resign or relinquish power are coded here even though they are forms of yielding.
• Appeals for elections.

Does not cover

• More forceful demands for leadership change are 1041.

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0242

Policy change CAMEO 0242, “Appeal for policy change”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest change in any particular policy. Verbal and non-threatening; like the source actor, the policy in question may be domestic or international in nature. Does not cover

• More forceful demands for policy change are 1042.
• Where the source is in effect appealing to the target to yield or concede, a 025x code fits better.

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0243

Rights CAMEO 0243, “Appeal for rights”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest provision or expansion of social, political, or other rights. Verbal and non-threatening. Does not cover

• More forceful demands for rights are 1043.
• Where the source is in effect appealing to the target to yield, use 025. Appeals for compensation for previously violated rights are 025.

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0244

Regime change CAMEO 0244, “Appeal for change in institutions, regime”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest major institutional, constitutional, or regime change. Also covers

• Requests for fundamental changes in the political system (e.g. democratization) as well as for more limited institutional changes (e.g. changing electoral law).

Does not cover

• More forceful demands for institutional change are 1044.
• Institutional change differs from POLICY change (0242) in that the former directly alters the rules of the game.

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025

Appeal to yield Make an appeal for, request, or suggest that the target yields or concedes, not otherwise specified. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. The source may or may not be one of the adversaries — a third party may also appeal to one or more of the parties in conflict, who are coded as targets. Also covers

• CODE THE BARE 025 ONLY WHEN THE ARTICLE DOES NOT SAY WHAT CONCESSION IS ASKED FOR. Lift a ban/curfew/emergency/censorship → 0251; call off protests → 0252; free prisoners, hostages or seized property → 0253; lift economic sanctions, a boycott or an embargo → 0254; admit observers, inspectors, aid agencies or peacekeepers → 0255; ceasefire, withdrawal, demobilisation → 0256.

Does not cover

• When the source expresses its OWN intent to yield rather than requesting it of another party, use 035.
• When yielding actually takes place, use the appropriate 08x code.

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0251

Ease sanctions CAMEO 0251, “Appeal for easing of administrative sanction”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest that the target relaxes ADMINISTRATIVE restrictions — for example lifting bans or other restrictions already in place. Official CAMEO 0251 is administrative-only; this entry’s bare label “Ease sanctions” is broader than the code. Does not cover

• Economic sanctions, boycotts and embargoes are 0254, NOT 0251.

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0252

Appeal for easing of political dissent CAMEO 0252, “Appeal for easing of political dissent”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest that the target stops political protest activities. Also covers

• Requests for the target to stop engaging in protests, demonstrations, strikes, etc.

Does not cover

• ★ NOTE THE DIRECTION, as with 082: this is an appeal addressed TO a dissenting actor asking it to stand its protest down. An appeal to a GOVERNMENT to relax restrictions on dissent is 0251/024x.

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0253

Release persons CAMEO 0253, “Appeal for release of persons or property”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest that the target releases persons OR property. Official CAMEO 0253 covers property as well as persons, which this entry’s label omits. Also covers

• Requests for the target to release prisoners, hostages, and any confiscated property.

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0254

Ease economic sanctions CAMEO 0254, “Appeal for easing of economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest that the target stops or eases economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo. Does not cover

• Use only for economic sanctions, boycotts or embargoes; administrative restrictions are 0251.

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0255

Appeal to allow international involvement (non-mediation) CAMEO 0255, “Appeal to allow international involvement (non-mediation)”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest that the target allows the entry of international actors, such as observers, humanitarian agencies, and peacekeeping forces. Does not cover

• Requests for adversaries to allow MEDIATION are 028 instead.

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0256

De-escalate military CAMEO 0256, “Appeal for de-escalation of military engagement”: make an appeal for, request, or suggest that the target stops fighting or takes measures to ease military conflict or tension. Also covers

• Appeals for ceasefires, military withdrawals, and demobilization.

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026

Appeal to meet/negotiate CAMEO 026, “Appeal to others to meet or negotiate”: propose or suggest meeting, negotiation, or discussion AMONG OTHER PARTIES. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Does not cover

• The source CANNOT be one of the actors whose meeting or negotiation is called for — it has to be a third party appealing to the target(s).
• When the parties themselves express their intent to meet or negotiate, use 036.
• When the meeting or negotiation actually takes place, use the appropriate 04x code.

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027

Appeal to settle dispute CAMEO 027, “Appeal to others to settle dispute”: propose or suggest that OTHERS reach a settlement, agreement, or resolution of conflict. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Does not cover

• The source cannot be one of the adversaries themselves. When a party to the conflict calls for ending it, that is an expression of that actor’s own intent and is 037.

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028

Appeal for mediation CAMEO 028, “Appeal to others to engage in or accept mediation”: propose or suggest that the target mediates, or accepts the mediation of others. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Also covers

• The target can be either a potential mediator whose mediation is being requested, or one of the adversaries, who is requested to allow the involvement of mediators.

Does not cover

• The source cannot be the potential mediator or a party to the conflict.
• An actor proposing to play the role of mediator itself is 039.
• An adversary requesting that another party mediate is 038.

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03 · EXPRESS INTENT TO COOPERATE

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03

EXPRESS INTENT TO COOPERATE CAMEO category 03, EXPRESS INTENT TO COOPERATE (Verbal Cooperation). CAMEO carries the category text on its residual code 030: “Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to cooperate not otherwise specified.” All cooperative actions reported in the FUTURE TENSE are taken to imply intentions, if not promises or commitments, to cooperate. These events can be reciprocal or unilateral. Use the root when the article supports this family but not a specific 03x leaf. Also covers

• PREFER THIS BARE ROOT OVER 030. 03 and 030 are the identical “family but no leaf” answer; there is no article-decidable difference. When no leaf fits, emit 03 and never 030.

goldstein_scale 4

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030

Express intent to cooperate, not specified below CAMEO 030, “Express intent to cooperate, not specified below”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to cooperate not otherwise specified. Also covers

• All cooperative actions reported in the FUTURE TENSE are taken to imply intentions, if not promises or commitments, to cooperate, and are coded in this category.
• These events can be reciprocal or unilateral.

Does not cover

• Residual: CAMEO does not code 030 except when the distinctions among the more specific 031-039 codes cannot be made.
• SAME MEANING AS THE BARE ROOT 03. This taxonomy makes 2-digit roots assignable, so 03 and 030 denote the identical “family but no leaf” case. Prefer the bare root 03 when coding; 030 is carried because it is the official CAMEO spelling and so that a caller filtering on official CAMEO gets a valid subcategory rather than a 400.
• A STATED INTENTION only. If the meeting, agreement or aid ACTUALLY happened, use 04 (consult), 05 (diplomatic cooperation), 06 (material cooperation) or 07 (provide aid).

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031

Intent for material cooperation Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to engage in or expand material cooperative exchange, not otherwise specified. Commitments may be reciprocal or unilateral. Also covers

• CODE THE BARE 031 ONLY WHEN THE ARTICLE DOES NOT SAY WHICH DOMAIN THE COOPERATION IS IN. Trade, investment, energy, infrastructure → 0311; joint exercises, basing, arms co-production, defence pacts → 0312; extradition, evidence-sharing, mutual legal assistance → 0313; intelligence or information sharing → 0314.

Does not cover

• Pledges to provide unilateral material AID are 033.
• Expressions of intent to engage in or further DIPLOMATIC cooperation — negotiations, settling disputes, provision of policy support — are coded elsewhere within 03x.
• These are intents and commitments, not actual events of cooperation, which are 06x.

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0311

Economic CAMEO 0311, “Express intent to cooperate economically”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to engage in or expand economic ties. Also covers

• Agreements, promises, commitments or other indications of intent to develop or expand trade and other forms of economic exchange.

Does not cover

• Offers, promises or commitments by one actor to provide economic AID to another are 0331 (Express intent to provide economic aid).

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0312

Military CAMEO 0312, “Express intent to cooperate militarily”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to engage in or expand military ties. Also covers

• Indications of intent to develop or expand military relations by engaging in such acts as joint military manoeuvres or exercises.

Does not cover

• Offers, promises or commitments to provide military AID are 0332 (Express intent to provide military aid).

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0313

Judicial CAMEO 0313, “Express intent to cooperate on judicial matters”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to engage in or expand judicial cooperation. Also covers

• Indications of intent to develop or expand judicial cooperation by engaging in such acts as extraditions.

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0314

Intelligence CAMEO 0314, “Express intent to cooperate on intelligence”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to engage in or expand intelligence sharing. Also covers

• Indications of intent to develop or expand intelligence cooperation by providing or exchanging intelligence or information.

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032

Intent for diplomatic cooperation Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to expand diplomatic ties or cooperation. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. The offered or promised support should be NON-MATERIAL, such as supporting or backing particular policies or goals; the target is the recipient of the potential support. Does not cover

• Agreements or promises to engage in more specific forms of diplomatic cooperation, such as negotiation (036) and mediation (038/039), are coded there.
• If the parties actually met or signed, use 04x or 057.

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033

Intent to provide material aid Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to provide some form of material support, not otherwise specified. The target is the prospective recipient of aid. Also covers

• CODE THE BARE 033 ONLY WHEN THE ARTICLE DOES NOT SAY WHAT KIND OF AID IS PROMISED. Money, loans, grants, debt relief → 0331; weapons, ammunition, training, materiel → 0332; food, medicine, shelter, evacuation → 0333; troops, peacekeepers, protection of civilians → 0334.

Does not cover

• More general commitments to broaden material exchange or cooperation are 031.
• Reported DELIVERIES of material support are 07x.

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0331

Express intent to provide economic aid CAMEO 0331, “Express intent to provide economic aid”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to provide economic support. Also covers

• Commitments to provide financial support in the form of grants, loans, or debt relief.

Does not cover

• TRADE commitments — reciprocal economic exchange rather than one-way support — are 0311.

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0332

Express intent to provide military aid CAMEO 0332, “Express intent to provide military aid”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to provide military support. Also covers

• All forms of military aid.

Does not cover

• Promises to engage in BILATERAL or MULTILATERAL military cooperation are 0312.

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0333

Express intent to provide humanitarian aid CAMEO 0333, “Express intent to provide humanitarian aid”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to provide humanitarian support. Also covers

• All forms of humanitarian aid, including evacuations from dangerous zones and shelter for refugees.

Does not cover

• Expressions of intent to provide military security or peacekeeping forces are 0334.
• Actual provisions of humanitarian aid are 073.

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0334

Express intent to provide military protection or peacekeeping CAMEO 0334, “Express intent to provide military protection or peacekeeping”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to deploy peacekeeping or other military forces for security. Also covers

• The source is the party making the commitment to provide forces; the target represents the prospective location of deployment.

Does not cover

• ACTUAL deployments are the linked pair 074 (Provide military protection or peacekeeping) and 0861 (Receive deployment of peacekeepers), with the actors reversed.
• Commitments by ADVERSARIES to accept peacekeepers are 0355.

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034

Intent for political reform Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to institute political change, not otherwise specified. Also covers

• CODE THE BARE 034 ONLY WHEN THE ARTICLE DOES NOT SAY WHAT CHANGE IS PROMISED. Resign, hand over power, hold elections → 0341; change a named policy → 0342; grant or restore a named right → 0343; constitution, electoral law, institutions, system of government → 0344.
• Where specific groups or individuals are asking for the change and that is codeable from the lead, those actors are the target; otherwise the country in general, or the actors to be affected by the change, are the target.

Does not cover

• Where the promised reform clearly constitutes a concession or yielding by the SOURCE, such as easing existing administrative sanctions, a 035 code fits better.
• The actual enactment of the reform is 083.

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0341

Express intent to change leadership CAMEO 0341, “Express intent to change leadership”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to change leadership or relinquish power. Also covers

• Commitments to resign or hand over power, and to hold elections that might open the way for a change in leadership.
• While commitments to other forms of yielding are 035x, a commitment to GIVE UP POWER is coded here.

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0342

Express intent to change policy CAMEO 0342, “Express intent to change policy”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment for policy change. Also covers

• Commitments to bring policy change of any kind — political, economic, military, social, or otherwise.

Does not cover

• If the policy change clearly represents a form of YIELDING, use the appropriate 035x code instead.

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0343

Express intent to provide rights CAMEO 0343, “Express intent to provide rights”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to provide social, political, economic, or other rights and freedoms. Does not cover

• If by promising to provide certain rights the source is in fact committing to YIELD, 035x may fit better — the codebook cites commitments to provide compensation for previously violated rights as a 035.

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0344

Express intent to change institutions, regime CAMEO 0344, “Express intent to change institutions, regime”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to make fundamental political changes, such as moving from one type of political system to another and reforming political institutions or key laws. Does not cover

• Note the difference between institutional/regime change and ordinary POLICY reform (0342): the former alters the rules of the game.

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035

Intent to yield Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to yield, not otherwise specified — a general expression of willingness or commitment to concede. Also covers

• CODE THE BARE 035 ONLY WHEN THE ARTICLE DOES NOT SAY WHAT CONCESSION IS PROMISED. Lift a ban/curfew/emergency/censorship → 0351; call off own protests → 0352; free prisoners or return property → 0353; lift economic sanctions or an embargo → 0354; admit observers, inspectors, aid agencies or peacekeepers → 0355; ceasefire, withdrawal, demobilisation → 0356.

Does not cover

• The actual events of yielding are 08x.

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0351

Express intent to ease administrative sanctions CAMEO 0351, “Express intent to ease administrative sanctions”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to ease administrative sanctions, such as censorship, curfew, state of emergency, and martial law.

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0352

Express intent to ease popular dissent CAMEO 0352, “Express intent to ease popular dissent”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to reduce or stop political protest activities, such as demonstrations and rallies. Also covers

• ★ NOTE THE DIRECTION, as with 082: this is a DISSENTING actor promising to stand its own protest activity down, not a government promising to relax restrictions on dissent (which is 0351).

Does not cover

• The protest activity actually being stood down is 082.

​

0353

Express intent to release persons or property CAMEO 0353, “Express intent to release persons or property”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to release or return persons or property. Also covers

• Commitments to release or exchange prisoners and hostages, and commitments to return previously confiscated property.

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0354

Express intent to ease economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo CAMEO 0354, “Express intent to ease economic sanctions, boycott, or embargo”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to reduce or eliminate economic sanctions, boycotts, or embargoes. Does not cover

• Use only for economic sanctions, boycotts or embargoes; administrative restrictions are 0351.

​

0355

Express intent to allow international involvement (non-mediation) CAMEO 0355, “Express intent to allow international involvement (non-mediation)”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to allow access to international actors, such as observers, humanitarian agencies, and peacekeeping forces. Also covers

• Prospective peacekeepers, observers, etc. are coded as the target.

Does not cover

• Commitments to accept MEDIATION by third parties are 038.
• The access actually being granted is 086 and its sub-forms 0861-0863.

​

0356

Express intent to de-escalate military engagement CAMEO 0356, “Express intent to de-escalate military engagement”: offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to stop fighting or take measures to ease military conflict or tension. Also covers

• Commitments to ceasefires, military withdrawals, and demobilization.

Does not cover

• The de-escalation actually taking place is 087 and its sub-forms.

​

036

Intent to meet/negotiate Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to meet, visit, or engage in talks or negotiations — a FUTURE commitment. Does not cover

• When the meeting, negotiation or other talks actually take place, use the appropriate 04x code.
• When mediation is mentioned specifically, the mediation codes (038, 039, 045) take precedence over meeting or negotiation codes.

​

037

Intent to settle Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to reach a comprehensive settlement, agreement, or resolution to conflict. Both the source and the target should be the adversaries themselves. Does not cover

• Specific commitments to yield, which may be present steps toward settling a dispute, are coded elsewhere within 03x.
• When parties NOT directly involved appeal for others to end a dispute, use 027.

​

038

Intent to accept mediation Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to accept mediation. This is an adversary’s commitment to receive mediation by a third party; the source is a party to the conflict and the third party is the target. Also covers

• Where a report refers to mediation specifically, mediation codes take precedence over “agree to meet or negotiate”, “make a visit”, “host a visit” and “meet at a third location”.

Does not cover

• A third party’s commitment to mediate is 039.
• A suggestion by an actor that is neither an adversary nor the potential mediator is 028.

​

039

Intent to mediate Offer, promise, agree to, or otherwise indicate willingness or commitment to play the role of a mediator. This is a commitment by a THIRD PARTY to mediate; the third party is the source and the parties in conflict are the targets. Also covers

• Where a report refers to mediation specifically, mediation codes take precedence over “agree to meet or negotiate”, “make a visit”, “host a visit” and “meet at a third location”.

Does not cover

• An adversary’s commitment to ACCEPT mediation is 038.
• A suggestion by an actor that is neither an adversary nor the potential mediator is 028.

​

04 · CONSULT

​

04

CONSULT CAMEO category 04, CONSULT (Verbal Cooperation). CAMEO carries the category text on its residual code 040: “All consultations and meetings not otherwise specified.” Events under 04 are typically, although not always, reciprocal. Use the root when the article supports this family but not a specific 04x leaf. Also covers

• PREFER THIS BARE ROOT OVER 040. 04 and 040 are the identical “family but no leaf” answer; there is no article-decidable difference. When no leaf fits, emit 04 and never 040.

​

040

Consult, not specified below CAMEO 040, “Consult, not specified below”: all consultations and meetings not otherwise specified. Also covers

• Events under category 04 are typically, although not always, reciprocal.
• Consultation that ACTUALLY OCCURRED — a meeting, a call, talks held. Not a mere intent to meet, which is 036.

Does not cover

• 040/04 IS FOR A MEETING WHOSE SHAPE IS NOT REPORTED. If the article says a phone or video call → 041; that the source travelled to the target → 042; that the source received the target → 043; that they met somewhere belonging to neither → 044; that a named third party mediated → 045; that they negotiated, bargained, or “held talks” → 046. CAMEO treats “held talks” and “discussions” as 046, so a bare “the two sides held talks” is 046, not 040.
• Residual: CAMEO does not code 040 except when the distinctions among the more specific 041-046 codes cannot be made.
• SAME MEANING AS THE BARE ROOT 04. This taxonomy makes 2-digit roots assignable, so 04 and 040 denote the identical “family but no leaf” case. Prefer the bare root 04 when coding; 040 is carried because it is the official CAMEO spelling and so that a caller filtering on official CAMEO gets a valid subcategory rather than a 400.

​

041

Discuss by telephone Consult, talk on the telephone. Typically a reciprocal event; CAMEO notes that the nature of the phone conversation is not of significance. Also covers

• A phone call → 041

​

042

Make a visit (+1.9) Travel to another location for a meeting or other event. All visits and travels are coded here. In CAMEO this event is typically accompanied by the linked event “Host a visit” (043) with the actors reversed. Also covers

• A state visit with only discussions → code 043 or 042

Does not cover

• If mediation (045) or negotiation (046) is specifically reported as having taken place, those take precedence over an unspecified visit or meeting.

goldstein_scale 1.9

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043

Host a visit (+2.8) Host or receive a visitor at residence, office or home country. In CAMEO this event is typically accompanied by the linked event “Make a visit” (042) with the actors reversed. Also covers

• A state visit with only discussions → code 043 or 042

Does not cover

• If mediation (045) or negotiation (046) is specifically reported as having taken place, those take precedence over an unspecified visit or meeting.

goldstein_scale 2.8

​

044

Meet at third location (+2.5) Meet, come together, or gather with others at a NEUTRAL location — some place with which none of the attending parties are associated. The source and the target are the actors who are meeting; the location of the meeting is ignored for actor coding. Does not cover

• If mediation (045) or negotiation (046) is specifically reported as having taken place, those take precedence over an unspecified visit or meeting.

goldstein_scale 2.5

​

045

Mediate (+5.0) CAMEO 045, “Engage in mediation” (1.1b3: “Mediate”): mediate between two or more parties. Used ONLY when a party meets with others explicitly as a mediator; the source is always the mediator and the adversaries are the targets. Also covers

• Where meetings, discussions or negotiations are explicitly reported as involving mediators, the mediation code takes precedence, as long as the party acting as mediator is identified in the report.

Does not cover

• Meetings and negotiations where the purpose of the meeting, or the role of the source actor, is not specified belong elsewhere within 04x.

goldstein_scale 5

​

046

Engage in negotiation (+7.0) Negotiate or bargain with others. Used only when the report makes clear that negotiation, bargaining or discussion is involved in the meeting or consultation; CAMEO treats “holding talks” and “discussions” as negotiations. These are reciprocal events. goldstein_scale 7

​

05 · ENGAGE IN DIPLOMATIC COOPERATION

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05

ENGAGE IN DIPLOMATIC COOPERATION CAMEO category 05, ENGAGE IN DIPLOMATIC COOPERATION (Verbal Cooperation). CAMEO carries the category text on its residual code 050: “Initiate, resume, improve, or expand diplomatic, non-material cooperation or exchange not otherwise specified.” Use the root when the article supports this family but not a specific 05x leaf. Also covers

• PREFER THIS BARE ROOT OVER 050. 05 and 050 are the identical “family but no leaf” answer; there is no article-decidable difference. When no leaf fits, emit 05 and never 050.

​

050

Engage in diplomatic cooperation, not specified below CAMEO 050, “Engage in diplomatic cooperation, not specified below”: initiate, resume, improve, or expand diplomatic, non-material cooperation or exchange not otherwise specified. Does not cover

• Residual: CAMEO does not code 050 except when the support in question cannot be further specified and codes 051-057 cannot be used.
• SAME MEANING AS THE BARE ROOT 05. This taxonomy makes 2-digit roots assignable, so 05 and 050 denote the identical “family but no leaf” case. Prefer the bare root 05 when coding; 050 is carried because it is the official CAMEO spelling and so that a caller filtering on official CAMEO gets a valid subcategory rather than a 400.

​

051

Praise or endorse (+3.4) Express support for, commend, or approve a policy, action, or actor. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. goldstein_scale 3.4

​

052

Defend verbally (+3.5) Defend verbally, justify a policy, action or actor. A verbal act. Does not cover

• Use only for political, diplomatic and NON-MATERIAL defence; military cooperation or defence is coded elsewhere (062, 072, 074).

goldstein_scale 3.5

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053

Rally support on behalf of (+3.8) Call on other parties to support the target — the source solicits the support of third parties for another party, which is the target. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. goldstein_scale 3.8

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054

Grant diplomatic recognition (+6.0) Grant diplomatic recognition, or initiate diplomatic relations with a state or a government. Typically, although not exclusively, a verbal act. Also covers

• Recognition of newly independent states, of new governments that may have come to power through unconventional means, and initiation of diplomatic ties with an entity for the first time.

goldstein_scale 6

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055

Apologize (+7.0) Express regret or remorse for an action or situation. Typically a verbal act, but CAMEO also uses it for non-verbal acts that express remorse. goldstein_scale 7

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056

Forgive (+7.0) Express forgiveness, pardon. Also covers

• Verbal and non-verbal gestures of forgiveness, and explicitly conciliatory actions or announcements.

Does not cover

• Formal pardons and amnesties of arrested persons, and the release or exchange of prisoners, are 0841 (Return, release persons), not 056.

goldstein_scale 7

​

057

Sign formal agreement (+8.0) Ratify, sign, or finalize an agreement or treaty. Coded only when the agreement is reportedly finalized or signed; typically a reciprocal event. Also covers

• a state visit that includes signing agreements → code 057
• Even when the agreement implies a formal commitment to boost material cooperation, provide aid, or yield in some way, the SIGNING is still coded here: signing represents diplomatic cooperation and does not guarantee implementation, whatever the terms.

Does not cover

• Promises to sign or ratify an agreement or treaty are excluded — those are 03x.

goldstein_scale 8

​

06 · ENGAGE IN MATERIAL COOPERATION

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06

ENGAGE IN MATERIAL COOPERATION CAMEO category 06, ENGAGE IN MATERIAL COOPERATION (Material Cooperation). CAMEO carries the category text on its residual code 060: “Initiate, resume, improve, or expand material cooperation or exchange, not otherwise specified.” Use the root when the article supports this family but not a specific 06x leaf. Also covers

• PREFER THIS BARE ROOT OVER 060. 06 and 060 are the identical “family but no leaf” answer; there is no article-decidable difference. When no leaf fits, emit 06 and never 060.

​

060

Engage in material cooperation, not specified below CAMEO 060, “Engage in material cooperation, not specified below”: initiate, resume, improve, or expand material cooperation or exchange, not otherwise specified. Does not cover

• Residual: CAMEO does not code 060 except when the distinctions among the more specific 061-064 codes cannot be made.
• SAME MEANING AS THE BARE ROOT 06. This taxonomy makes 2-digit roots assignable, so 06 and 060 denote the identical “family but no leaf” case. Prefer the bare root 06 when coding; 060 is carried because it is the official CAMEO spelling and so that a caller filtering on official CAMEO gets a valid subcategory rather than a 400.

​

061

Cooperate economically (+6.4) Initiate, resume, improve, or expand economic exchange or cooperation. Also covers

• Trade relations and other economic exchanges that are reciprocal in nature, even where the particular event in question cannot itself be coded as reciprocal.

Does not cover

• Unilateral and potentially altruistic provision of economic aid is 071.

goldstein_scale 6.4

​

062

Cooperate militarily (+7.4) Initiate, resume, improve, or expand military exchange or cooperation. Also covers

• Military exchanges such as joint military games and manoeuvres.

Does not cover

• Unilateral and potentially altruistic provision of aid is 07x (Provide Aid).

goldstein_scale 7.4

​

063

Judicial cooperation (+7.4) CAMEO 063, “Engage in judicial cooperation”: initiate, resume, improve, or expand judicial cooperation. Also covers

• Cooperation on judicial matters such as extraditions and war crimes. Because this is a cooperative code, for an extradition the target is the country the subject is extradited TO, not the subject.

goldstein_scale 7.4

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064

Share intelligence (+7.0) CAMEO 064, “Share intelligence or information”: provide, share, or exchange intelligence or information. Also covers

• Voluntary exchanges or sharing of intelligence and other significant information.

goldstein_scale 7

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07 · PROVIDE AID

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07

PROVIDE AID CAMEO category 07, PROVIDE AID (Material Cooperation). CAMEO carries the category text on its residual code 070: “All provisions, extension of material aid, not otherwise specified.” To fall in this category the report must state the DELIVERY of aid. Use the root when the article supports this family but not a specific 07x leaf. Also covers

• PREFER THIS BARE ROOT OVER 070. 07 and 070 are the identical “family but no leaf” answer; there is no article-decidable difference. When no leaf fits, emit 07 and never 070.

Does not cover

• Promises to provide aid are 033, not 07x.

​

070

Provide aid, not specified below CAMEO 070, “Provide aid, not specified below”: all provisions, extension of material aid, not otherwise specified. Also covers

• To be coded here the report must state the DELIVERY of aid.

Does not cover

• Residual: CAMEO does not code 070 except when the distinctions among the more specific 071-075 codes cannot be made.
• SAME MEANING AS THE BARE ROOT 07. This taxonomy makes 2-digit roots assignable, so 07 and 070 denote the identical “family but no leaf” case. Prefer the bare root 07 when coding; 070 is carried because it is the official CAMEO spelling and so that a caller filtering on official CAMEO gets a valid subcategory rather than a 400.
• Promises to provide aid are 033 and its sub-forms, not 070.

​

071

Provide economic aid (+7.4) Extend or provide monetary aid and financial guarantees, grants, gifts and credit. Also covers

• Debt relief.

Does not cover

• The report must state the DELIVERY of such aid; promises to provide aid are 033.

goldstein_scale 7.4

​

072

Provide military aid (+8.3) Extend or provide military AND POLICE assistance, including arms and personnel. Does not cover

• The report must state the DELIVERY of such aid; promises to provide aid are 033.

goldstein_scale 8.3

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073

Provide humanitarian aid (+7.4) Extend or provide humanitarian aid, mainly in the form of emergency assistance. Also covers

• Provision of shelter, food and medicine, and evacuation of victims.

Does not cover

• The report must state the DELIVERY of such aid; promises to provide aid are 033.
• Provision of peacekeeping or other military forces is 074.

goldstein_scale 7.4

​

074

Provide military protection/peacekeeping (+8.5) Provide peacekeepers or other military forces for protection, or EXTEND OR EXPAND THEIR MANDATES. Codes the reported deployment of forces. Also covers

• In CAMEO this event is accompanied by the linked event “Receive deployment of peacekeepers” (0861) with the actors reversed.

Does not cover

• Verbal promises and commitments to provide peacekeepers are 0334 (Express intent to provide military protection or peacekeeping).

goldstein_scale 8.5

​

075

Grant asylum (+7.0) Provide or grant asylum to persons. CAMEO notes that “grant asylum” refers to a specific LEGAL event type. Also covers

• Territorial asylum, typically granted by a state to persons in its territory, and diplomatic asylum, typically accorded on the premises of an embassy.

Does not cover

• Informal provision of shelter, or opening borders to masses of refugees, is 073.

goldstein_scale 7

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08 · YIELD

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08

YIELD CAMEO category 08, YIELD (Material Cooperation). CAMEO carries the category text on its residual code 080: “All yieldings, concessions not otherwise specified.” Every event form in this category refers to REPORTED yieldings, not to future commitments, agreements or promises. Use the root when the article supports this family but not a specific 08x leaf. Also covers

• PREFER THIS BARE ROOT OVER 080. 08 and 080 are the identical “family but no leaf” answer; there is no article-decidable difference. When no leaf fits, emit 08 and never 080.

Does not cover

• Commitments or promises to yield are 035, not 08x.
• Where confiscated property or other rights are not returned but COMPENSATION is provided instead, CAMEO codes the residual 080 — the root here.

​

080

Yield, not specified below CAMEO 080, “Yield, not specified below”: all yieldings, concessions not otherwise specified. Also covers

• All event forms in this category refer to REPORTED yieldings, not to future commitments, agreements or promises.
• Where confiscated property or other rights are not returned but COMPENSATION is provided instead, CAMEO codes those incidents here.

Does not cover

• Residual: CAMEO does not code 080 except when the distinctions among the more specific 081-087 codes cannot be made.
• SAME MEANING AS THE BARE ROOT 08. This taxonomy makes 2-digit roots assignable, so 08 and 080 denote the identical “family but no leaf” case. Prefer the bare root 08 when coding; 080 is carried because it is the official CAMEO spelling and so that a caller filtering on official CAMEO gets a valid subcategory rather than a 400.
• Commitments or promises to yield are 035 and its sub-forms.

​

081

Ease administrative sanctions (+5.0) Relax or remove all administrative NON-FORCE sanctions and penalties, not otherwise specified. Also covers

• CODE THE BARE 081 ONLY WHEN THE ARTICLE DOES NOT SAY WHICH RESTRICTION WAS LIFTED. Speech, press, internet or assembly restrictions lifted → 0811; a party or politician un-banned → 0812; curfew lifted → 0813; state of emergency or martial law ended → 0814.

Does not cover

• ADMINISTRATIVE ONLY. Lifting economic sanctions, a boycott or an embargo is 085, never 081 — the word “sanctions” appears in both labels and is not the discriminator. Ask whether the measure restricted CIVIL LIFE (081) or COMMERCE (085).

goldstein_scale 5

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0811

Political freedoms CAMEO 0811, “Ease restrictions on political freedoms”: relax or remove administrative restrictions on fundamental political freedoms such as freedom of speech, expression, and assembly.

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0812

Ban on parties CAMEO 0812, “Ease ban on political parties or politicians”: relax or remove administrative restrictions on the establishment or activities of political parties, or of certain politicians.

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0813

Curfew CAMEO 0813, “Ease curfew”: relax or remove regulations that require people to be off the streets at a given hour.

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0814

Emergency CAMEO 0814, “Ease state of emergency or martial law”: relax or remove emergency regulations that suspend certain given rights, or relax or remove temporary rule by military authorities.

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082

Ease political dissent (+5.0) CAMEO 082, “Ease political dissent”: cancel, suspend, or postpone any (non-war) activity that constitutes political dissent. ★ NOTE THE DIRECTION — CAMEO uses this for concessions BY OPPOSITION GROUPS: the DISSENTING actor ends or puts on hold its own demonstrations, protests, strikes or rallies. It does NOT mean a government relaxing restrictions on dissent, which the bare label invites. Also covers

• Concessions by opposition groups in the form of ending or putting on hold demonstrations, protests, rallies, strikes, etc.

Does not cover

• A government relaxing restrictions on dissent, on political freedoms, or on assembly is 081/0811, not 082.
• A promise to stand down protest activity, rather than actually standing it down, is 0352 (Express intent to ease popular dissent).

goldstein_scale 5

​

083

Accede to reform demands (+5.0) CAMEO 083, “Accede to requests or demands for political reform, not specified below”: yield by instituting the requested political changes. This is the ACTUAL event of change, not its promise; the change may be a voluntary concession or an involuntary surrender. Also covers

• CODE THE BARE 083 ONLY WHEN THE ARTICLE DOES NOT SAY WHICH REFORM WAS CONCEDED. Resigned, stepped down, handed over power → 0831; changed a named policy → 0832; granted or restored a named right → 0833; changed the constitution, electoral law or institutions → 0834.

Does not cover

• An expressed intent to institute political reform is 034.

goldstein_scale 5

​

0831

Accede to demands for change in leadership CAMEO 0831, “Accede to demands for change in leadership”: yield by relinquishing political power. Also covers

• Use when the source surrenders power after being challenged through legitimate institutional channels (e.g. elections) or other coercive strategies (e.g. military coups).
• The target can be either the challenger(s) or the country as a whole.

​

0832

Accede to demands for change in policy CAMEO 0832, “Accede to demands for change in policy”: yield by instituting demanded policy changes. Also covers

• More often than not, policies fitting this code are on domestic issues.

Does not cover

• Note the difference between policy and institutional change: the former can relate to any issue (economic, social, etc.) but does not change the rules by which the political system functions — that is 0834.
• If another code within category 08 fits the policy more specifically, it takes precedence — changing policy on economic sanctions is 085.

​

0833

Accede to demands for rights CAMEO 0833, “Accede to demands for rights”: yield by establishing, providing, or respecting political, social, or other rights. Also covers

• Allowing repatriation of refugees is coded here.

Does not cover

• If another code within category 08 fits the rights more specifically, it takes precedence — respecting property rights by returning confiscated property is 0842.

​

0834

Accede to demands for change in institutions, regime CAMEO 0834, “Accede to demands for change in institutions, regime”: yield by undertaking major reforms that change how the political system functions. Also covers

• Changes from one type of political system to another (e.g. from military dictatorship to multiparty democracy), AND less comprehensive institutional changes that nevertheless modify the rules of the game (e.g. political party laws, electoral laws, the powers and functions of different branches).

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084

Return/release persons or property (+7.0) CAMEO 084, “Return, release, not specified below”: all acts of releasing or returning not otherwise specified. Also covers

• Use 0841 (persons) when people are released, including prisoners and hostages, from detention or arrest. Formal pardons, amnesties, commutations and exchanges of prisoners are 0841 rather than 056.
• Use 0842 (property) when previously controlled or confiscated property, including land, is returned or released.

Does not cover

• Where confiscated property or other rights are not returned but compensation is provided instead, CAMEO codes the residual 080 — the 08 root here.

goldstein_scale 7

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0841

Return, release persons CAMEO 0841, “Return, release persons”: release people, including prisoners and hostages, from detention or arrest. Also covers

• Formal pardons, amnesties, commutations and exchanges of prisoners are all coded here.

Does not cover

• Expressions of forgiveness or pardon that are not the release itself are 056.

​

0842

Return, release property CAMEO 0842, “Return, release property”: return or release previously controlled, confiscated property, including land. Does not cover

• When confiscated property or other rights are NOT returned but compensation is provided instead, those incidents are 080.

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085

Ease economic sanctions/embargo (+7.0) CAMEO 085, “Ease economic sanction, boycott, or embargo”: lift, relax, or lessen economic sanctions, boycotts, embargoes, or penalties. Also covers

• State activities that imply easing of limitations to normal economic relations.

goldstein_scale 7

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086

Allow international involvement (+9.0) Allow entry of, or intervention by, international actors, not further specified. The forms of involvement covered here REQUIRE PHYSICAL ACCESS to territories under the source’s control; the target is the international actor whose involvement is allowed or received. Also covers

• Official sub-categories are 0861 receive deployment of peacekeepers, 0862 receive inspectors, 0863 allow for humanitarian access — use them whenever the article names the form of involvement, and code the bare 086 only when it does not.

Does not cover

• Accepting international involvement in the form of MEDIATION is coded under 04x, not 086.
• A mere promise or agreement to accept such involvement is 0355 (Express intent to allow international involvement).

goldstein_scale 9

​

0861

Receive deployment of peacekeepers CAMEO 0861, “Receive deployment of peacekeepers”: allow, receive peacekeeping forces in territories controlled by the source. Also covers

• Codes the REPORTED deployment of peacekeeping forces, with the location of deployment as the source; the target is the actor providing the peacekeepers.
• Accompanied by the linked event “Provide military protection or peacekeeping” (074) with the actors reversed.

Does not cover

• Mere promises or agreements to accept deployment in one’s territory are 0355.
• Commitments to PROVIDE peacekeepers are 0334.

​

0862

Receive inspectors CAMEO 0862, “Receive inspectors”: allow, receive inspectors in territories controlled by the source actor. Also covers

• Codes the reported deployment or arrival of inspectors; the target is the inspectors or the country/agency providing them.
• Typically accompanied by a code under category 09 (INVESTIGATE).

Does not cover

• Mere promises or agreements to accept their deployment are 0355.

​

0863

Allow for humanitarian access CAMEO 0863, “Allow for humanitarian access”: allow access to, receive humanitarian agencies in territories controlled by the source actor. Also covers

• Accompanied by the linked event “Provide humanitarian aid” (073) where the target is the humanitarian agency; in some cases the target is the particular area given access.

Does not cover

• Mere promises to allow such access are 0355.

​

087

De-escalate military engagement (+9.0) Concede militarily, stop fighting, or take measures to ease military conflict or tension, not further specified. Only REAL MANIFESTATIONS of de-escalation are coded here. Also covers

• CODE THE BARE 087 ONLY WHEN THE ARTICLE DOES NOT SAY HOW THE DE-ESCALATION HAPPENED. Truce or ceasefire declared or observed → 0871; blockade or siege lifted → 0872; forces demobilised, disarmed, weapons handed in → 0873; troops pulled out, territory relinquished, surrender → 0874.

Does not cover

• Expressions of intent to de-escalate are 0356 (Express intent to de-escalate military engagement).

goldstein_scale 9

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0871

Declare truce/ceasefire CAMEO 0871, “Declare truce, ceasefire”: declare or observe a truce or ceasefire to interrupt fighting. The target may be the location of the ceasefire or the opponent. Also covers

• Mere DECLARATIONS of a ceasefire, and agreements to commence one, are coded here even though they do not guarantee that military engagement is actually halted.

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0872

Ease blockade CAMEO 0872, “Ease military blockade”: lessen or halt the use of armed (military, police, or security) forces to seal off a territory to prevent the exit or entry of goods and/or people.

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0873

Demobilize forces CAMEO 0873, “Demobilize armed forces”: hand over, or otherwise reduce or eliminate, arms and weapons; discharge soldiers or other armed personnel. The source is the demobilizing party; the target is either the party it was formerly fighting or the actor to whom weaponry is turned in.

​

0874

Retreat/surrender (+10.0) CAMEO 0874, “Retreat or surrender militarily”: retreat, withdraw, or yield control of a location or territory by pulling out armed forces. The yielding should involve a comprehensive military disengagement, at least from a certain area of contention. goldstein_scale 10

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09 · INVESTIGATE

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09

INVESTIGATE CAMEO category 09, INVESTIGATE (quad class: Verbal CONFLICT). CAMEO carries the category text on its residual code 090: “All non-covert investigations not otherwise specified.” The category is used only when investigations are being, or have been, carried out; investigation of historical cases is also coded here. Use the root when the article supports this family but not a specific 09x leaf. Also covers

• PREFER THIS BARE ROOT OVER 090. 09 and 090 are the identical “family but no leaf” answer; there is no article-decidable difference. When no leaf fits, emit 09 and never 090.

goldstein_scale -2

​

090

Investigate, not specified below CAMEO 090, “Investigate, not specified below”: all non-covert investigations not otherwise specified. Also covers

• Category 09 is used only when investigations are being, or have been, carried out. Investigation of historical cases is also coded here.

Does not cover

• Residual: CAMEO does not code 090 except when the distinctions among the more specific 091-094 codes cannot be made.
• SAME MEANING AS THE BARE ROOT 09. This taxonomy makes 2-digit roots assignable, so 09 and 090 denote the identical “family but no leaf” case. Prefer the bare root 09 when coding; 090 is carried because it is the official CAMEO spelling and so that a caller filtering on official CAMEO gets a valid subcategory rather than a 400.

​

091

Investigate crime/corruption CAMEO 091, “Investigate crime, corruption”: question or inquire into criminal (theft, killing, etc.) or corruption cases.

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092

Investigate human rights abuses Inquire or search into human rights abuses such as rape, torture, targeted assassinations, and violations of basic freedoms. The alleged or potential perpetrators are coded as the target. Does not cover

• Investigations of war crimes are 094 instead.

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093

Investigate military action Inquire or search into military activities such as violations of ceasefire, seizures, and invasions. The perpetrator of the questionable military action is coded as the target. Does not cover

• If the military action in question involves potential human rights violations or war crimes specifically, use 092 or 094 instead.

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094

Investigate war crimes Inquire or investigate potential war crimes, or look into allegations of war crimes. The perpetrator of the questionable military action is coded as the target. Does not cover

• If the question surrounding a military action is not specified to be potential war crimes, use 093 instead.